Administrative Justice 075-ADJ075- American Corrections in Brief-Exam

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as Federalism.

 True 
 False 

A ________________ is a correctional facility used to house pre-trial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.

	A.	Prison
	B.	Reformatory
	C.	Half-way house
	D.	Jail

An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a penitentiary.

 True 
 False 

From the earliest accounts of mankind, punishment has been used as a means of ______________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.

	A.	public awareness
	B.	social control
	C.	social ritual
	D.	public spectacle

In the U.S., jails are operated mainly by what level of government?

	A.	federal
	B.	state
	C.	county
	D.	city

Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the feedback they receive.

 True 
 False 

The central purpose of corrections is to _____________.

	A.	determine guilt or innocence
	B.	incarcerate offenders
	C.	carry out the criminal sentence
	D.	rehabilitate offenders

The correctional system has no significant relationship to the outside community in which it functions.

 True 
 False 

The Positivist School of Criminology is centered upon the idea that an individual freely chooses to commit crime, thus the act not the actor is the most important factor in understanding the causes of crime.

 True 
 False 

The religious group known as the Puritans was primarily responsible for the creation and implementation of the Pennsylvania System of corrections.

 True 
 False 

The twin goals of corrections are punishment and protection.

 True 
 False 

Until the early 1800s in the U.S., correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment to reprimand criminal behavior.

 True 
 False 

A presentence report is a document prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender’s background to help the sentencing judge select an appropriate sentence.

 True 
 False 

Another name for the historical period commonly referred to as the Age of Reason is “The Resurrection.”

 True 
 False 

Fines and restitution are examples of determinate sanctions.

 True 
 False 

More than 80% of all executions that have taken place in the U.S. since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976 have taken place in what region of the country?

	A.	East
	B.	West
	C.	North
	D.	South

Only juries in the U.S. are responsible for sentencing offenders who they have found guilty of a crime.

 True 
 False 

Punishments imposed by the courts that are restorative have been purposely designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s criminal act.

 True 
 False 

The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:

	A.	the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
	B.	a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
	C.	the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders.
	D.	the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods.

The death penalty is the extreme example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation.

 True 
 False 

The scientific/forensic development of DNA has enabled many who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to be exonerated.

 True 
 False

Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?

	A.	rehabilitation
	B.	retribution
	C.	deterrence
	D.	incarceration

____________________ is a philosophy built upon the idea of the “greatest happiness for the greatest number”; an idea which inspired English reformer Jeremy Bentham to advocate for a new philosophy of punishment that focused upon crime prevention.

	A.	Wergild
	B.	Enlightenment
	C.	Classicalism
	D.	Utilitarianism

Rooted in the idea of treatment of the convicted, an indeterminate sentence gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves.

 True 
 False 

A _____________ is a temporary holding facility (up to 48 hours) for those who have been arrested and are awaiting an appearance in front of a judge.

	A.	day reporting center
	B.	holding camp
	C.	community center
	D.	lockup

A pretrial diversion program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (i.e. drug rehab) in exchange for no jail time.

 True 
 False 

Jails are facilities that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are customarily run and operated by the sheriff.

 True 
 False 

According to federal and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions.

 True 
 False 

By far the most successful pretrial release program has been ______________.

	A.	day reporting centers
	B.	percentage bail (10%)
	C.	property bonds
	D.	release on recognizance (ROR)

Jails are facilities that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are customarily run and operated by the sheriff.

 True 
 False 

Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ________ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding.

	A.	limiting
	B.	controlling
	C.	decreasing
	D.	increasing

In the U.S. today, most jail inmates are young Caucasian males.

 True 
 False

Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do not exceed _________.

	A.	a month
	B.	6 weeks
	C.	3 months
	D.	a year

Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire U.S. correctional system.

 True 
 False 

One of the most startling facts about U.S. jails is that more than half of their occupants are awaiting trial.

 True 
 False 

The proportion of a state’s population in jail is often referred to as the jail rate.

 True 
 False

The two jurisdictions that currently house the most jail inmates in America are LA County and New York City.

 True 
 False

__________________ refers to a type of jail confinement in which the accused is locked up in order to protect the community from the potential crimes the accused may commit if released before trial.

	A.	Shock probation
	B.	Preventive detention
	C.	Controlled internment
	D.	Defensive confinement

A "day fine" is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day’s work.

 True 
 False

In the United States, probation is the most commonly imposed sanction.

 True 
 False

The main goal of community corrections legislation is to limit the dependence on prison.

 True 
 False 

The nation’s first fulltime probation officer and creator of the actual term “probation” was John Howard.

 True 
 False 

There are currently three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout the U.S.: active, passive, and reactive.

 True 
 False 

Under home confinement, offenders can only carry out their sentence of incarceration in their homes, no variations are possible.

 True 
 False 

Community service is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service.

 True 
 False 

Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.

	A.	was used only for juvenile offenders
	B.	was the source of widespread judicial corruption
	C.	was never enacted and used
	D.	was declared unconstitutional in 1916

One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to a “widening of the net,” increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.

 True 
 False 

Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders.

	A.	violent
	B.	drug
	C.	first-time
	D.	sex

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

	A.	1920s through 1930s
	B.	the 1980s through 1990s
	C.	the 1940s through 1960s
	D.	the 1970s through 1980s

When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they cannot______________.

	A.	reduce crime
	B.	save money
	C.	deter crime
	D.	lower recidivism rates

______________, a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the U.S., dating back to 1841.

	A.	Elam Lynds
	B.	Jeremy Bentham
	C.	John Augustus
	D.	John Howard