Monday 29 February 2016

Administrative Justice 075-ADJ075- American Corrections in Brief-Midterm

"Social control" refers to the actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity.
 True 
 False 
Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are __________, meaning that each process affects another part of the criminal justice system in some way.
A.
retributive
B.
interconnected
C.
conflicting
D.
punitive
In the U.S. today, more felons are being sentenced to ________ instead of __________.
A.
parole; prison
B.
probation; prison
C.
parole; probation
D.
prison; probation
Intermediate sanctions are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.
 True 
 False 
Most prisoners in the U.S. are housed in federal correctional facilities.
 True 
 False 
Nearly __________ of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control in the U.S.
A.
1/5
B.
1/3
C.
1/2
D.
3/4
Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in the United States.
 True 
 False 
Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in:
A.
prisons and probation.
B.
prisons and jails.
C.
jails and probation.
D.
probation and parole.
The ____________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.
A.
due process
B.
community
C.
medical
D.
crime control
Your authors refer to corrections as a(n) ____________, a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and is directly influenced by its environment.
A.
structure
B.
system
C.
organism
D.
organization
A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a determinate sentence.
 True 
 False 
According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?
A.
an offense
B.
the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
C.
use of community justice tactics to deter the offender
D.
a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender
Excluding fines, the most frequently applied form of criminal sanction is_____________.
A.
probation
B.
parole
C.
community service
D.
incarceration
Incapacitation assumes that society can remove an offender’s physical ability to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.
 True 
 False 
Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are ___________ sanctions.
A.
definitive
B.
indeterminate
C.
determinate
D.
intermediate
The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:
A.
the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
B.
a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
C.
the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders.
D.
the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods.
The goal of rehabilitation is oriented mainly toward the _____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.
A.
state
B.
victim
C.
offender
D.
law
The _____________ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment.
A.
pre-arraignment
B.
pre-release
C.
pretrial
D.
presentence
Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?
A.
rehabilitation
B.
retribution
C.
deterrence
D.
incarceration
____________ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of offenders, including violent and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders.
A.
Determinate
B.
Presumptive
C.
Mandatory
D.
Indeterminate

A large number of inmates (over 30%) are currently housed in ________ jails; a facility that often holds 2,000 or more prisoners and is operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units.
A.
federal
B.
regional
C.
state
D.
county
According to the last jail census, most jail employees (72%) are expected to perform __________ duties as their primary responsibility.
A.
treatment
B.
educational
C.
custodial
D.
clerical
According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:
A.
the warehousing of the surplus population of immigrants.
B.
detention of those sentenced by the court.
C.
to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
D.
to inflict short-term punishment (for example, corporal punishment) on the offender.
Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ________ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding.
A.
limiting
B.
controlling
C.
decreasing
D.
increasing
In 1984, the ________ authorized holding allegedly dangerous defendants without bail, for what has become known as preventive detention.
A.
Comprehensive Crime Control Act
B.
Statutory Crime Control Act
C.
Federal Crime Control Act
D.
Congressional Crime Control Act
Jails are considered to be the _________ corrections.
A.
bright point of
B.
entryway to
C.
dark-side of
D.
ultimate barrier to
Nationally, about ______% of all people placed in jail have been found to be under the influence of alcohol or an illegal drug at the time of arrest.
A.
10
B.
25
C.
50
D.
75

New-generation jails are the most recent development in jail design. Which of the following is NOT one of the general concepts used within this design?
A.
interaction space
B.
podular design
C.
individual privacy
D.
personal space
When a correctional officer uses his/her authority to deprive an inmate of their ________ rights, that inmate can sue to halt the violation and collect damages.
A.
Miranda
B.
universal
C.
Federalist
D.
civil
____________ supervision is a method of correctional management in which staff members have direct physical contact with inmates throughout the day.
A.
Deterrent
B.
Pretrial
C.
Preventive
D.
Direct

According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack _________________.education
A.
education
B.
job skills
C.
good parents
D.
self-respect
According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the U.S. are _____________ and boot camps.
A.
intensive supervised probation
B.
home confinement
C.
shock incarceration
D.
community service
All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the U.S. are currently placed on probation, except:
A.
direct probation sentence.
B.
suspended probation sentence.
C.
intermediate sentence.
D.
split sentence.
Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an opportunity for_____________.
A.
use of force
B.
bias
C.
forgiveness
D.
clemency
Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and second, to serve as:
A.
a tougher way of handling offenders
B.
a deterrent for future criminal behavior
C.
a way to eliminate biases in the system
D.
a less costly alternative to prison
Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.
A.
was used only for juvenile offenders
B.
was the source of widespread judicial corruption
C.
was never enacted and used
D.
was declared unconstitutional in 1916
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a smaller, specialized caseload is known as___________________.
A.
PSI
B.
ISP
C.
SIP
D.
IPS
The goal of ________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer’s activities and maintaining careful surveillance.
A.
risk management
B.
treatment management
C.
split sentencing
D.
community justice
The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with both sentencing philosophy and ____________.
A.
power
B.
practice
C.
authority
D.
compliance
When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision, this process is referred to as “justice   _________________.”
A.
distribution
B.
allocation
C.
sharing
D.
reinvestment

A probation officer faces role conflict everyday. This conflict centers on _______________.
A.
the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender
B.
the responsibilities of enforcing the law while simultaneously trying to help the offender
C.
personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job
D.
the pressure of constructing presentence investigation reports
Case management systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on _________.
A.
recidivism rates
B.
court mandates
C.
client problems
D.
victim requests
Formal constraints, the "legal conditions" of probation, whether standard, punitive, or treatment, are set by the ________ or are written into law.
A.
probation officer
B.
parole board
C.
court
D.
prosecution
In many jurisdictions, probation officers are legally classified as "________" officers, with the power to arrest.
A.
police
B.
judicial
C.
courtroom
D.
peace
In regards to the effectiveness of community supervision, ________ emphasizes the importance of "results" in setting priorities and selecting activities.
A.
performance-based supervision
B.
objective supervision
C.
intensive supervision
D.
subjective supervision
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?
A.
Williams v. New York
B.
Morrisey v. Brewer
C.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
D.
Bell v. Wolfish
Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ________ and supervision.
A.
protection
B.
investigation
C.
surveillance
D.
monitoring
Probation revocation can result from a new arrest, conviction, or from a rules violation; a failure to comply with a condition of probation. Rules violations that result in revocations are often referred to as ___________ violations.
A.
minor
B.
technical
C.
conditional
D.
mechanical
The most likely outcome of probation is that people _______________.
A.
transferred to house arrest
B.
leave their area and are never located again
C.
are rearrested for violations
D.
complete their term without a violation
When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is engaging in which major function of his/her job?
A.
supervision
B.
monitoring
C.
surveillance
D.
investigation

A ______________ strategy calls for building new prisons to meet the demand for prison space.
A.
treatment
B.
creation
C.
rehabilitation
D.
construction
Currently, the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level U.S. prisons is ___________.
A.
Caucasian
B.
Latino
C.
African-American
D.
Asian
Of the over 7 million adults under correctional supervision in the United States, roughly __________ are confined in jails and prisons.
A.
1.3 million
B.
2.3 million
C.
3.2 million
D.
5.3 million
Over the past two decades, the incarceration rate has ____________, while the crime rate has ______________.
A.
remained constant; declined
B.
doubled; remained constant
C.
declined; quadrupled
D.
quadrupled; declined
The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a _____________ model of corrections; a model which emphasizes the importance of incarceration.
A.
crime control
B.
treatment centered
C.
restorative justice
D.
community oriented
The majority of adult prisons in the U.S. are located in ________ areas.
A.
urban
B.
suburban
C.
municipal
D.
rural
The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.
A.
rehabilitation
B.
reintegration
C.
crime control
D.
custodial
Today’s prison construction is greatly influenced by____________________.
A.
media coverage
B.
politics
C.
scare tactics
D.
cost
Which model of incarceration focuses on the goals of deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution?
A.
reintegration
B.
custodial
C.
rehabilitation
D.
retributive
Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum-security prisons in the U.S.?
A.
radial
B.
telephone-pole
C.
courtyard style
D.
campus style

A(n) ________________ is a major element of the prison society, as items that some inmates want or need are not available elsewhere.
A.
secretive economy
B.
exchange economy
C.
underground economy
D.
private market
One of the greatest concerns for most incarcerated women is_______________.
A.
finding a way to get drugs/alcohol
B.
the fate of their children
C.
the fate of their significant other
D.
their parole date
Over 1/3 of female offenders are serving time for ____________ offenses.
A.
property
B.
violent
C.
federal
D.
drug
Recognizing that prisoners do have some needs that are not met, prisons have a _________________from which residents may periodically purchase a limited number of items—toilet articles, tobacco, snack foods, etc.—in exchange for credits drawn on their “bank accounts.”
A.
exchange
B.
commissary
C.
market
D.
bazaar
The process where most new inmates absorb the customs of prison society and learn to adapt to the environment is referred to as:
A.
institutionalization
B.
prisonization
C.
indoctrination
D.
prison gangs
The two primary rules of the inmate code are “________________” and “don’t inform on another convict.”
A.
never talk to staff
B.
do your own time
C.
pull your own weight on the job
D.
never trust the warden
Which of the following is NOT considered to be sexual misconduct in a female prison setting?
A.
using threats or making requests for sexual acts
B.
conjugal visits between inmates and significant others on prison grounds
C.
indecent exposure and staff voyeurism for sexual gratification
D.
touching genitalia, breast, or buttocks in a way that is intended to arouse, abuse, or gratify sexual desire
_________is the process of evaluating an offender’s needs and developing custody and treatment programs that fit those needs.
A.
Assessment
B.
Classification
C.
Evaluation
D.
Categorization
___________ models of classification are designed to distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct in the institution, and future criminal behavior.
A.
Evaluative
B.
Behavioral
C.
Predictive
D.
Analytical
___________ therapy is a type of treatment that focuses on patterns of interaction with others, especially patterns that indicate personal problems.
A.
Group interaction
B.
Reality intervention
C.
Redirectional examination
D.
Transactional analysis

A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an________________ organization.
A.
closed
B.
formal
C.
self-contained
D.
informal
Aside from physical injury, an attack by an inmate on an officer can later compromise an officer’s _____________.
A.
reliability
B.
integrity
C.
authority
D.
power
Correctional officers often rely on __________ and ________ to gain cooperation.
A.
promises; fear
B.
confinement; force
C.
rewards; punishments
D.
fear; confinement
For many victims of prison violence, ________ is the only way to escape further abuse.
A.
fighting back
B.
death
C.
joining a gang
D.
protective custody
Serious violations can earn prisoner’s a “________;” a disciplinary report forwarded to a higher authority for action.
A.
reprimand
B.
warning
C.
ticket
D.
receipt


Scholars report that female inmates tended to adopt which of the following rather than identifying with the larger prisoner subculture?
A.
pseudofamilies
B.
a lesbian identity
C.
gang ties
D.
a transgender identity
Inmates who view their time in prison as a brief, but inevitable break in their criminal careers or the cost of doing business have taken on the adaptive role of ________.
A.
integrating
B.
gleaning
C.
doing time
D.
jailing

The most common form of prison violence in America is ____________ violence.
A.
prisoner--prisoner
B.
prisoner--officer
C.
officer--prisoner
D.
officer--officer
What category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution’s employees?
A.
Program
B.
Custodial
C.
Professional
D.
Support
Overall, women prisoners receive ________ sentences than do men.
A.
shorter maximum
B.
longer minimum
C.
longer maximum
D.
shorter minimum
There is one inmate code which all offenders abide by.
 True 
 False
Today’s prisons do not differ greatly in terms of design and operation.
 True 
 False 

Which of the following terms is best described as the ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards?
A.
normative power
B.
coercive power
C.
formal power
D.
remunerative power
___________ power is a way of gaining compliance in exchange for material resources.
A.
Normative
B.
Coercive
C.
Formal
D.
Remunerative
______________ refers to a series of organizational positions in order of authority, with each person receiving orders from the immediately above and issuing orders to the one immediately below.
A.
Unity of command
B.
Span of control
C.
Chain of command
D.
Hierarchical command

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as Federalism.
 True 
 False 
A ________________ is a correctional facility used to house pre-trial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.
A.
Prison
B.
Reformatory
C.
Half-way house
D.
Jail
An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a penitentiary.
 True 
 False 
From the earliest accounts of mankind, punishment has been used as a means of ______________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.
A.
public awareness
B.
social control
C.
social ritual
D.
public spectacle
In the U.S., jails are operated mainly by what level of government?
A.
federal
B.
state
C.
county
D.
city
Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the feedback they receive.
 True 
 False 
The central purpose of corrections is to _____________.
A.
determine guilt or innocence
B.
incarcerate offenders
C.
carry out the criminal sentence
D.
rehabilitate offenders
The correctional system has no significant relationship to the outside community in which it functions.
 True 
 False 
The Positivist School of Criminology is centered upon the idea that an individual freely chooses to commit crime, thus the act not the actor is the most important factor in understanding the causes of crime.
 True 
 False 
The religious group known as the Puritans was primarily responsible for the creation and implementation of the Pennsylvania System of corrections.
 True 
 False 
The twin goals of corrections are punishment and protection.
 True 
 False 
Until the early 1800s in the U.S., correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment to reprimand criminal behavior.
 True 
 False 
A presentence report is a document prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender’s background to help the sentencing judge select an appropriate sentence.
 True 
 False 
Another name for the historical period commonly referred to as the Age of Reason is “The Resurrection.”
 True 
 False 
Fines and restitution are examples of determinate sanctions.
 True 
 False 
More than 80% of all executions that have taken place in the U.S. since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976 have taken place in what region of the country?
A.
East
B.
West
C.
North
D.
South
Only juries in the U.S. are responsible for sentencing offenders who they have found guilty of a crime.
 True 
 False 
Punishments imposed by the courts that are restorative have been purposely designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s criminal act.
 True 
 False 
The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:
A.
the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
B.
a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
C.
the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders.
D.
the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods.
The death penalty is the extreme example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation.
 True 
 False 
The scientific/forensic development of DNA has enabled many who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to be exonerated.
 True 
 False
Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?
A.
rehabilitation
B.
retribution
C.
deterrence
D.
incarceration
____________________ is a philosophy built upon the idea of the “greatest happiness for the greatest number”; an idea which inspired English reformer Jeremy Bentham to advocate for a new philosophy of punishment that focused upon crime prevention.
A.
Wergild
B.
Enlightenment
C.
Classicalism
D.
Utilitarianism
Rooted in the idea of treatment of the convicted, an indeterminate sentence gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves.
 True 
 False 
A _____________ is a temporary holding facility (up to 48 hours) for those who have been arrested and are awaiting an appearance in front of a judge.
A.
day reporting center
B.
holding camp
C.
community center
D.
lockup
A pretrial diversion program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (i.e. drug rehab) in exchange for no jail time.
 True 
 False 
Jails are facilities that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are customarily run and operated by the sheriff.
 True 
 False 
According to federal and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions.
 True 
 False 
By far the most successful pretrial release program has been ______________.
A.
day reporting centers
B.
percentage bail (10%)
C.
property bonds
D.
release on recognizance (ROR)
Jails are facilities that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are customarily run and operated by the sheriff.
 True 
 False 
Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ________ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding.
A.
limiting
B.
controlling
C.
decreasing
D.
increasing
In the U.S. today, most jail inmates are young Caucasian males.
 True 
 False
Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do not exceed _________.
A.
a month
B.
6 weeks
C.
3 months
D.
a year
Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire U.S. correctional system.
 True 
 False 
One of the most startling facts about U.S. jails is that more than half of their occupants are awaiting trial.
 True 
 False 
The proportion of a state’s population in jail is often referred to as the jail rate.
 True 
 False
The two jurisdictions that currently house the most jail inmates in America are LA County and New York City.
 True 
 False
__________________ refers to a type of jail confinement in which the accused is locked up in order to protect the community from the potential crimes the accused may commit if released before trial.
A.
Shock probation
B.
Preventive detention
C.
Controlled internment
D.
Defensive confinement
A "day fine" is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day’s work.
 True 
 False
In the United States, probation is the most commonly imposed sanction.
 True 
 False
The main goal of community corrections legislation is to limit the dependence on prison.
 True 
 False 
The nation’s first fulltime probation officer and creator of the actual term “probation” was John Howard.
 True 
 False 
There are currently three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout the U.S.: active, passive, and reactive.
 True 
 False 

Under home confinement, offenders can only carry out their sentence of incarceration in their homes, no variations are possible.
 True 
 False 
Community service is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service.
 True 
 False 
Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.
A.
was used only for juvenile offenders
B.
was the source of widespread judicial corruption
C.
was never enacted and used
D.
was declared unconstitutional in 1916
One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to a “widening of the net,” increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.
 True 
 False 
Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders.
A.
violent
B.
drug
C.
first-time
D.
sex
The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
A.
 1920s through 1930s
B.
the 1980s through 1990s
C.
the 1940s through 1960s
D.
the 1970s through 1980s

When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they cannot______________.
A.
reduce crime
B.
save money
C.
deter crime
D.
lower recidivism rates

______________, a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the U.S., dating back to 1841.
A.
Elam Lynds
B.
Jeremy Bentham
C.
John Augustus
D.
John Howard
In "Estelle v. Gamble", the Supreme Court found that all inmates have a well-established right to medical treatment while incarcerated.
 True 
 False 
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding male and female prison subcultures?
A.
Men rarely share form close personal relationships with prison staff, but many women chose to get close to and share information with their keepers.
B.
Men tend to segregate themselves by race; this is less true for women.
C.
Women’s prison populations are divided in security levels for their safety; compared to men who serve time in facilities where the population is mixed.
D.
Women are more responsive to prison programs than men.
Inmates who are “gleaning” try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for success after release.
 True 
 False 
Some correctional administrators suggest that the increased occurrence of sexual abuse cases found in female prisons is due in part to the large number of ________.
A.
women housed in close quarters
B.
men guarding women
C.
previously abused women in prison
D.
lesbians found in prison
Women offenders have received a tremendous amount of attention by research scholars since the early 19th century.
 True 
 False 
Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum-security prisons in the U.S.?
A.
radial
B.
telephone-pole
C.
courtyard style
D.
campus style
Which of the following prison designs has been traditionally used to house both women and juvenile offenders?
A.
radial
B.
telephone-pole
C.
courtyard style
D.
campus style
A ______________ strategy calls for building new prisons to meet the demand for prison space.
A.
treatment
B.
creation
C.
rehabilitation
D.
construction
A model of corrections that emphasizes security, discipline, and order is referred to as the custodial model.
 True 
 False 
The "null" strategy refers to a plan of doing nothing in regard to prison overcrowding, simply because it is assumed the problem is temporary and will disappear in time.
 True 
 False 
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the prominent explanations as to why the U.S. incarceration rate has been increasing?
A.
prison construction
B.
supreme Court decisions
C.
the War on Drugs
D.
increased arrests and more likely incarceration
Perhaps more so than in the past, today’s prison designs are greatly influenced by the cost of construction and maintenance.
 True 
 False 
2/3 of all federal pre-trial detainees are housed in state and local correctional facilities on a contractual basis.
 True 
 False 
Nearly _____% of all state-level inmates are housed in maximum security facilities.
A.
10
B.
20
C.
30
D.
40
What corporation dominates the private correctional industry in the United States?
A.
Corrections Corporation of America
B.
Wackenhut Private Security Inc.
C.
American Corrections Inc.
D.
Corrections USA Inc.
The image of the ________ was popularized in movies and television shows and is still very much the portrayal of what most Americans believe prison to be.
A.
“castle”
B.
“hole”
C.
“rock”
D.
“big house”
From 1930 to 1980, the incarceration rate in the United States has grown exponentially.
 True 
 False 
When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is engaging in which major function of his/her job?
A.
supervision
B.
monitoring
C.
surveillance
D.
investigation
"Evidence-based" practices refer to the use of correctional methods that have been shown to be effective through well-designed research studies.
 True 
 False 
Methadone is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.
 True 
 False 
________________ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
A.
Group-oriented
B.
Non-technological based
C.
Specialization of
D.
Decreased reliance on
"Punitive" probation conditions are constraints imposed on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.
 True 
 False 
Which of the following is NOT one of the five principle components of a case management system?
A.
punitive assessment
B.
workload accounting
C.
systematic needs assessment
D.
case planning
PSI’s disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender’s action.
 True 
 False 
Probation officers can only investigate rule violations, not new crimes. New crimes must be handled by local police departments.
 True 
 False 
The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on ______________.
A.
victim rights
B.
public safety
C.
recidivism rates
D.
restorative justice
Two techniques that are crucial to enhance the validity and reliability of PSI reports are ___________ and _________.
A.
subjectivity; verification
B.
verification; objectivity
C.
caution; subjectivity
D.
objectivity caution
As a whole, adult probationers’ needs tend to be quite similar regardless of their backgrounds.
 True 
 False 
A probation officer faces role conflict in virtually every aspect of their job.
 True 
 False 
Probationers commonly resent their________ even when most people think they should be grateful for "another chance."
A.
treatment
B.
status
C.
conviction
D.
arrest
The ability to influence a person’s actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as "Authority."
 True 
 False 
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic prisoner program types found in U.S. prisons?
A.
industrial
B.
retributive
C.
medical
D.
rehabilitative
Roughly half of all current federal inmates are incarcerated for various types of property and white collar offenses.
 True 
 False