"Social
control" refers to the actions and practices of individuals and
institutions designed to induce conformity.
True
False
False
Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are __________,
meaning that each process affects another part of the criminal justice system
in some way.
|
|
A.
|
retributive
|
|
|
B.
|
interconnected
|
|
|
C.
|
conflicting
|
|
|
D.
|
punitive
|
In the U.S. today, more felons are being sentenced to ________ instead
of __________.
|
|
A.
|
parole; prison
|
|
|
B.
|
probation; prison
|
|
|
C.
|
parole; probation
|
|
|
D.
|
prison; probation
|
Intermediate
sanctions are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more
restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than
incarceration.
True
False
False
Most prisoners in the
U.S. are housed in federal correctional facilities.
True
False
False
Nearly __________ of all African American men in their twenties are
under some form of correctional control in the U.S.
|
|
A.
|
1/5
|
|
|
B.
|
1/3
|
|
|
C.
|
1/2
|
|
|
D.
|
3/4
|
Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in
the United States.
True
False
False
Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in:
|
|
A.
|
prisons and probation.
|
|
|
B.
|
prisons and jails.
|
|
|
C.
|
jails and probation.
|
|
|
D.
|
probation and parole.
|
The ____________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that
criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other
forms of strict supervision.
|
|
A.
|
due process
|
|
|
B.
|
community
|
|
|
C.
|
medical
|
|
|
D.
|
crime control
|
Your authors refer to corrections as a(n) ____________, a complex whole
consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common
goals and is directly influenced by its environment.
|
|
A.
|
structure
|
|
|
B.
|
system
|
|
|
C.
|
organism
|
|
|
D.
|
organization
|
A convicted offender
who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a determinate
sentence.
True
False
False
According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of
punishment?
|
|
A.
|
an offense
|
|
|
B.
|
the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
|
|
|
C.
|
use of community justice tactics to deter the offender
|
|
|
D.
|
a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on
the offender
|
Excluding fines, the most frequently applied form of criminal sanction
is_____________.
|
|
A.
|
probation
|
|
|
B.
|
parole
|
|
|
C.
|
community service
|
|
|
D.
|
incarceration
|
Incapacitation assumes
that society can remove an offender’s physical ability to commit further crimes
by detention in prison or by execution.
True
False
False
Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than
traditional probation are ___________ sanctions.
|
|
A.
|
definitive
|
|
|
B.
|
indeterminate
|
|
|
C.
|
determinate
|
|
|
D.
|
intermediate
|
The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:
|
|
A.
|
the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
|
|
|
B.
|
a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate
number of violent and property crimes.
|
|
|
C.
|
the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and
repetitive offenders.
|
|
|
D.
|
the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are
incarcerated for long periods.
|
The goal of rehabilitation is oriented mainly toward the
_____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the
severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.
|
|
A.
|
state
|
|
|
B.
|
victim
|
|
|
C.
|
offender
|
|
|
D.
|
law
|
The _____________ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer
who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the
judge select an appropriate punishment.
|
|
A.
|
pre-arraignment
|
|
|
B.
|
pre-release
|
|
|
C.
|
pretrial
|
|
|
D.
|
presentence
|
Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of
criminal sanctions in the United States?
|
|
A.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
B.
|
retribution
|
|
|
C.
|
deterrence
|
|
|
D.
|
incarceration
|
____________ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of
offenders, including violent and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders.
|
|
A.
|
Determinate
|
|
|
B.
|
Presumptive
|
|
|
C.
|
Mandatory
|
|
|
D.
|
Indeterminate
|
A large number of inmates (over 30%) are currently housed in ________
jails; a facility that often holds 2,000 or more prisoners and is operated
under a joint agreement between two or more government units.
|
|
A.
|
federal
|
|
|
B.
|
regional
|
|
|
C.
|
state
|
|
|
D.
|
county
|
According to the last jail census, most jail employees (72%) are
expected to perform __________ duties as their primary responsibility.
|
|
A.
|
treatment
|
|
|
B.
|
educational
|
|
|
C.
|
custodial
|
|
|
D.
|
clerical
|
According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:
|
|
A.
|
the warehousing of the surplus population of immigrants.
|
|
|
B.
|
detention of those sentenced by the court.
|
|
|
C.
|
to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
|
|
|
D.
|
to inflict short-term punishment (for example, corporal punishment) on
the offender.
|
Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ________ the
capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding.
|
|
A.
|
limiting
|
|
|
B.
|
controlling
|
|
|
C.
|
decreasing
|
|
|
D.
|
increasing
|
In 1984, the ________ authorized holding allegedly dangerous defendants
without bail, for what has become known as preventive detention.
|
|
A.
|
Comprehensive Crime Control
Act
|
|
|
B.
|
Statutory Crime Control Act
|
|
|
C.
|
Federal Crime Control Act
|
|
|
D.
|
Congressional Crime Control Act
|
Jails are considered to be the _________ corrections.
|
|
A.
|
bright point of
|
|
|
B.
|
entryway to
|
|
|
C.
|
dark-side of
|
|
|
D.
|
ultimate barrier to
|
Nationally, about ______% of all people placed in jail have been found
to be under the influence of alcohol or an illegal drug at the time of arrest.
|
|
A.
|
10
|
||||||||||||
|
|
B.
|
25
|
||||||||||||
|
|
C.
|
50
|
||||||||||||
|
|
D.
|
75
|
||||||||||||
|
New-generation jails are the most recent development in jail design.
Which of the following is NOT one of the general concepts used within this
design?
|
When a correctional officer uses his/her authority to deprive an inmate
of their ________ rights, that inmate can sue to halt the violation and collect
damages.
|
|
A.
|
Miranda
|
|
|
B.
|
universal
|
|
|
C.
|
Federalist
|
|
|
D.
|
civil
|
____________ supervision is a method of correctional management in which
staff members have direct physical contact with inmates throughout the day.
|
|
A.
|
Deterrent
|
|
|
B.
|
Pretrial
|
|
|
C.
|
Preventive
|
|
|
D.
|
Direct
|
According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young
offenders get involved in crime because they lack _________________.education
|
|
A.
|
education
|
|
|
B.
|
job skills
|
|
|
C.
|
good parents
|
|
|
D.
|
self-respect
|
According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate
sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the U.S. are _____________ and
boot camps.
|
|
A.
|
intensive supervised probation
|
|
|
B.
|
home confinement
|
|
|
C.
|
shock incarceration
|
|
|
D.
|
community service
|
All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the U.S. are
currently placed on probation, except:
|
|
A.
|
direct probation sentence.
|
|
|
B.
|
suspended probation sentence.
|
|
|
C.
|
intermediate sentence.
|
|
|
D.
|
split sentence.
|
Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an
opportunity for_____________.
|
|
A.
|
use of force
|
|
|
B.
|
bias
|
|
|
C.
|
forgiveness
|
|
|
D.
|
clemency
|
Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective
alternatives to probation and second, to serve as:
|
|
A.
|
a tougher way of handling offenders
|
|
|
B.
|
a deterrent for future criminal behavior
|
|
|
C.
|
a way to eliminate biases in the system
|
|
|
D.
|
a less costly alternative to
prison
|
Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.
|
|
A.
|
was used only for juvenile offenders
|
|
|
B.
|
was the source of widespread judicial corruption
|
|
|
C.
|
was never enacted and used
|
|
|
D.
|
was declared
unconstitutional in 1916
|
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation
officer with a smaller, specialized caseload is known as___________________.
|
|
A.
|
PSI
|
|
|
B.
|
ISP
|
|
|
C.
|
SIP
|
|
|
D.
|
IPS
|
The goal of ________ is to minimize the probability that an offender
will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the
probationer’s activities and maintaining careful surveillance.
|
|
A.
|
risk management
|
|
|
B.
|
treatment management
|
|
|
C.
|
split sentencing
|
|
|
D.
|
community justice
|
The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions
has to do with both sentencing philosophy and ____________.
|
|
A.
|
power
|
|
|
B.
|
practice
|
|
|
C.
|
authority
|
|
|
D.
|
compliance
|
When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the
crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under
community supervision, this process is referred to as “justice
_________________.”
|
|
A.
|
distribution
|
|
|
B.
|
allocation
|
|
|
C.
|
sharing
|
|
|
D.
|
reinvestment
|
A probation officer faces role conflict everyday. This conflict centers
on _______________.
|
|
A.
|
the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender
|
|
|
B.
|
the responsibilities of
enforcing the law while simultaneously trying to help the offender
|
|
|
C.
|
personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities
of the job
|
|
|
D.
|
the pressure of constructing presentence investigation reports
|
Case management systems help focus the supervision effort of probation
officers on _________.
|
|
A.
|
recidivism rates
|
|
|
B.
|
court mandates
|
|
|
C.
|
client problems
|
|
|
D.
|
victim requests
|
Formal constraints, the "legal conditions" of probation,
whether standard, punitive, or treatment, are set by the ________ or are
written into law.
|
|
A.
|
probation officer
|
|
|
B.
|
parole board
|
|
|
C.
|
court
|
|
|
D.
|
prosecution
|
In many jurisdictions, probation officers are legally classified as
"________" officers, with the power to arrest.
|
|
A.
|
police
|
|
|
B.
|
judicial
|
|
|
C.
|
courtroom
|
|
|
D.
|
peace
|
In regards to the effectiveness of community supervision, ________
emphasizes the importance of "results" in setting priorities and
selecting activities.
|
|
A.
|
performance-based
supervision
|
|
|
B.
|
objective supervision
|
|
|
C.
|
intensive supervision
|
|
|
D.
|
subjective supervision
|
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have
a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?
|
|
A.
|
Williams v. New York
|
|
|
B.
|
Morrisey v. Brewer
|
|
|
C.
|
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
|
|
|
D.
|
Bell v. Wolfish
|
Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ________
and supervision.
|
|
A.
|
protection
|
|
|
B.
|
investigation
|
|
|
C.
|
surveillance
|
|
|
D.
|
monitoring
|
Probation revocation can result from a new arrest, conviction, or from
a rules violation; a failure to comply with a condition of
probation. Rules violations that result in revocations are often referred to
as ___________ violations.
|
|
A.
|
minor
|
|
|
B.
|
technical
|
|
|
C.
|
conditional
|
|
|
D.
|
mechanical
|
The most likely outcome of probation is that people _______________.
|
|
A.
|
transferred to house arrest
|
|
|
B.
|
leave their area and are never located again
|
|
|
C.
|
are rearrested for violations
|
|
|
D.
|
complete their term without
a violation
|
When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is
engaging in which major function of his/her job?
|
|
A.
|
supervision
|
|
|
B.
|
monitoring
|
|
|
C.
|
surveillance
|
|
|
D.
|
investigation
|
A ______________ strategy calls for building new prisons to meet the
demand for prison space.
|
|
A.
|
treatment
|
|
|
B.
|
creation
|
|
|
C.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
D.
|
construction
|
Currently, the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level U.S. prisons
is ___________.
|
|
A.
|
Caucasian
|
|
|
B.
|
Latino
|
|
|
C.
|
African-American
|
|
|
D.
|
Asian
|
Of the over 7 million adults under correctional supervision in the
United States, roughly __________ are confined in jails and prisons.
|
|
A.
|
1.3 million
|
|
|
B.
|
2.3 million
|
|
|
C.
|
3.2 million
|
|
|
D.
|
5.3 million
|
Over the past two decades, the incarceration rate has ____________,
while the crime rate has ______________.
|
|
A.
|
remained constant; declined
|
|
|
B.
|
doubled; remained constant
|
|
|
C.
|
declined; quadrupled
|
|
|
D.
|
quadrupled; declined
|
The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a
_____________ model of corrections; a model which emphasizes the importance of
incarceration.
|
|
A.
|
crime control
|
|
|
B.
|
treatment centered
|
|
|
C.
|
restorative justice
|
|
|
D.
|
community oriented
|
The majority of adult prisons in the U.S. are located in ________ areas.
|
|
A.
|
urban
|
|
|
B.
|
suburban
|
|
|
C.
|
municipal
|
|
|
D.
|
rural
|
The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.
|
|
A.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
B.
|
reintegration
|
|
|
C.
|
crime control
|
|
|
D.
|
custodial
|
Today’s prison construction is greatly influenced
by____________________.
|
|
A.
|
media coverage
|
|
|
B.
|
politics
|
|
|
C.
|
scare tactics
|
|
|
D.
|
cost
|
Which model of incarceration focuses on the goals of deterrence,
incapacitation, and retribution?
|
|
A.
|
reintegration
|
|
|
B.
|
custodial
|
|
|
C.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
D.
|
retributive
|
Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for
maximum-security prisons in the U.S.?
|
|
A.
|
radial
|
|
|
B.
|
telephone-pole
|
|
|
C.
|
courtyard style
|
|
|
D.
|
campus style
|
A(n) ________________ is a major element of the prison society, as items
that some inmates want or need are not available elsewhere.
|
|
A.
|
secretive economy
|
|
|
B.
|
exchange economy
|
|
|
C.
|
underground economy
|
|
|
D.
|
private market
|
One of the greatest concerns for most incarcerated women
is_______________.
|
|
A.
|
finding a way to get drugs/alcohol
|
|
|
B.
|
the fate of their children
|
|
|
C.
|
the fate of their significant other
|
|
|
D.
|
their parole date
|
Over 1/3 of female offenders are serving time for ____________ offenses.
|
|
A.
|
property
|
|
|
B.
|
violent
|
|
|
C.
|
federal
|
|
|
D.
|
drug
|
Recognizing that prisoners do have some needs that are not met, prisons
have a _________________from which residents may periodically purchase a
limited number of items—toilet articles, tobacco, snack foods, etc.—in exchange
for credits drawn on their “bank accounts.”
|
|
A.
|
exchange
|
|
|
B.
|
commissary
|
|
|
C.
|
market
|
|
|
D.
|
bazaar
|
The process where most new inmates absorb the customs of prison society
and learn to adapt to the environment is referred to as:
|
|
A.
|
institutionalization
|
|
|
B.
|
prisonization
|
|
|
C.
|
indoctrination
|
|
|
D.
|
prison gangs
|
The two primary rules of the inmate code are “________________” and
“don’t inform on another convict.”
|
|
A.
|
never talk to staff
|
|
|
B.
|
do your own time
|
|
|
C.
|
pull your own weight on the job
|
|
|
D.
|
never trust the warden
|
Which of the following is NOT considered to be sexual misconduct in a
female prison setting?
|
|
A.
|
using threats or making requests for sexual acts
|
|
|
B.
|
conjugal visits between
inmates and significant others on prison grounds
|
|
|
C.
|
indecent exposure and staff voyeurism for sexual gratification
|
|
|
D.
|
touching genitalia, breast, or buttocks in a way that is intended to
arouse, abuse, or gratify sexual desire
|
_________is the process of evaluating an offender’s needs and developing
custody and treatment programs that fit those needs.
|
|
A.
|
Assessment
|
|
|
B.
|
Classification
|
|
|
C.
|
Evaluation
|
|
|
D.
|
Categorization
|
___________ models of classification are designed to
distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct in the
institution, and future criminal behavior.
|
|
A.
|
Evaluative
|
|
|
B.
|
Behavioral
|
|
|
C.
|
Predictive
|
|
|
D.
|
Analytical
|
___________ therapy is a type of treatment that focuses on patterns of
interaction with others, especially patterns that indicate personal problems.
|
|
A.
|
Group interaction
|
|
|
B.
|
Reality intervention
|
|
|
C.
|
Redirectional examination
|
|
|
D.
|
Transactional analysis
|
A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order
to achieve particular ends is known as a/an________________ organization.
|
|
A.
|
closed
|
|
|
B.
|
formal
|
|
|
C.
|
self-contained
|
|
|
D.
|
informal
|
Aside from physical injury, an attack by an inmate on an officer can
later compromise an officer’s _____________.
|
|
A.
|
reliability
|
|
|
B.
|
integrity
|
|
|
C.
|
authority
|
|
|
D.
|
power
|
Correctional officers often rely on __________ and ________ to gain
cooperation.
|
|
A.
|
promises; fear
|
|
|
B.
|
confinement; force
|
|
|
C.
|
rewards; punishments
|
|
|
D.
|
fear; confinement
|
For many victims of prison violence, ________ is the only way to escape
further abuse.
|
|
A.
|
fighting back
|
|
|
B.
|
death
|
|
|
C.
|
joining a gang
|
|
|
D.
|
protective custody
|
Serious violations can earn prisoner’s a “________;” a disciplinary
report forwarded to a higher authority for action.
|
|
A.
|
reprimand
|
|
|
B.
|
warning
|
|
|
C.
|
ticket
|
|
|
D.
|
receipt
|
|
|
Scholars report that female inmates tended to adopt which of the
following rather than identifying with the larger prisoner subculture?
|
|
A.
|
pseudofamilies
|
|
|
B.
|
a lesbian identity
|
|
|
C.
|
gang ties
|
|
|
D.
|
a transgender identity
|
Inmates who view their time in prison as a brief, but inevitable break
in their criminal careers or the cost of doing business have taken on the
adaptive role of ________.
|
|
A.
|
integrating
|
|
|
B.
|
gleaning
|
|
|
C.
|
doing time
|
|
|
D.
|
jailing
|
The most common form of prison violence in America is ____________
violence.
|
|
A.
|
prisoner--prisoner
|
|
|
B.
|
prisoner--officer
|
|
|
C.
|
officer--prisoner
|
|
|
D.
|
officer--officer
|
What category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution’s
employees?
|
|
A.
|
Program
|
|
|
B.
|
Custodial
|
|
|
C.
|
Professional
|
|
|
D.
|
Support
|
Overall, women prisoners receive ________ sentences than do men.
|
|
A.
|
shorter maximum
|
|
|
B.
|
longer minimum
|
|
|
C.
|
longer maximum
|
|
|
D.
|
shorter minimum
|
There is one inmate code which all offenders abide by.
True
False
False
Today’s prisons do
not differ greatly in terms of design and operation.
True
False
False
Which of the following terms is best described as the ability to obtain
compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards?
|
|
A.
|
normative power
|
|
|
B.
|
coercive power
|
|
|
C.
|
formal power
|
|
|
D.
|
remunerative power
|
___________ power is a way of gaining compliance in exchange for
material resources.
|
|
A.
|
Normative
|
|
|
B.
|
Coercive
|
|
|
C.
|
Formal
|
|
|
D.
|
Remunerative
|
______________ refers to a series of organizational positions in order
of authority, with each person receiving orders from the immediately above and
issuing orders to the one immediately below.
|
|
A.
|
Unity of command
|
|
|
B.
|
Span of control
|
|
|
C.
|
Chain of command
|
|
|
D.
|
Hierarchical command
|
A system of
government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national
government and individual state governments is known as Federalism.
True
False
False
A ________________ is a correctional facility used to house pre-trial
detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.
|
|
A.
|
Prison
|
|
|
B.
|
Reformatory
|
|
|
C.
|
Half-way house
|
|
|
D.
|
Jail
|
An institution
designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could
reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a
penitentiary.
True
False
False
From the earliest accounts of mankind, punishment has been used as a
means of ______________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.
|
|
A.
|
public awareness
|
|
|
B.
|
social control
|
|
|
C.
|
social ritual
|
|
|
D.
|
public spectacle
|
In the U.S., jails are operated mainly by what level of government?
|
|
A.
|
federal
|
|
|
B.
|
state
|
|
|
C.
|
county
|
|
|
D.
|
city
|
Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the feedback they receive.
True
False
False
The central purpose of corrections is to _____________.
|
|
A.
|
determine guilt or innocence
|
|
|
B.
|
incarcerate offenders
|
|
|
C.
|
carry out the criminal
sentence
|
|
|
D.
|
rehabilitate offenders
|
The correctional system has no significant relationship to the outside
community in which it functions.
True
False
False
The Positivist School
of Criminology is centered upon the idea that an individual freely chooses to
commit crime, thus the act not the actor is the most important factor in
understanding the causes of crime.
True
False
False
The religious group
known as the Puritans was primarily responsible for the creation and
implementation of the Pennsylvania System of corrections.
True
False
False
The twin goals of
corrections are punishment and protection.
True
False
False
Until the early 1800s
in the U.S., correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal
punishment to reprimand criminal behavior.
True
False
False
A presentence report
is a document prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted
offender’s background to help the sentencing judge select an appropriate
sentence.
True
False
False
Another name for the
historical period commonly referred to as the Age of Reason is “The
Resurrection.”
True
False
False
Fines and restitution
are examples of determinate sanctions.
True
False
False
More than 80% of all executions that have taken place in the U.S. since
the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976 have taken place
in what region of the country?
|
|
A.
|
East
|
|
|
B.
|
West
|
|
|
C.
|
North
|
|
|
D.
|
South
|
Only juries in the
U.S. are responsible for sentencing offenders who they have found guilty of a
crime.
True
False
False
Punishments imposed by the courts that are restorative have been
purposely designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an
offender’s criminal act.
True
False
False
The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:
|
|
A.
|
the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
|
|
|
B.
|
a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate
number of violent and property crimes.
|
|
|
C.
|
the cost of incarceration can
be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders.
|
|
|
D.
|
the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are
incarcerated for long periods.
|
The death penalty is
the extreme example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation.
True
False
False
The
scientific/forensic development of DNA has enabled many who have been
wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to be exonerated.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of
criminal sanctions in the United States?
|
|
A.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
B.
|
retribution
|
|
|
C.
|
deterrence
|
|
|
D.
|
incarceration
|
____________________ is a philosophy built upon the idea of the
“greatest happiness for the greatest number”; an idea which inspired English
reformer Jeremy Bentham to advocate for a new philosophy of punishment that
focused upon crime prevention.
|
|
A.
|
Wergild
|
|
|
B.
|
Enlightenment
|
|
|
C.
|
Classicalism
|
|
|
D.
|
Utilitarianism
|
Rooted in the idea of
treatment of the convicted, an indeterminate sentence gives correctional
officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an
offender serves.
True
False
False
A _____________ is a temporary holding facility (up to 48 hours) for
those who have been arrested and are awaiting an appearance in front of a
judge.
|
|
A.
|
day reporting center
|
|
|
B.
|
holding camp
|
|
|
C.
|
community center
|
|
|
D.
|
lockup
|
A pretrial diversion
program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to
conditions set by the prosecutor (i.e. drug rehab) in exchange for no jail
time.
True
False
False
Jails are facilities
that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are
customarily run and operated by the sheriff.
True
False
False
According to federal
and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions.
True
False
False
By far the most successful pretrial release program has been
______________.
|
|
A.
|
day reporting centers
|
|
|
B.
|
percentage bail (10%)
|
|
|
C.
|
property bonds
|
|
|
D.
|
release on recognizance
(ROR)
|
Jails are facilities
that house people accused of committing a crime and awaiting trial are customarily
run and operated by the sheriff.
True
False
False
Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ________ the
capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding.
|
|
A.
|
limiting
|
|
|
B.
|
controlling
|
|
|
C.
|
decreasing
|
|
|
D.
|
increasing
|
In the U.S. today, most jail inmates are young Caucasian males.
True
False
False
Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed
misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do not exceed _________.
|
|
A.
|
a month
|
|
|
B.
|
6 weeks
|
|
|
C.
|
3 months
|
|
|
D.
|
a year
|
Local jail officers
are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire U.S.
correctional system.
True
False
False
One of the most
startling facts about U.S. jails is that more than half of their occupants are
awaiting trial.
True
False
False
The proportion of a state’s population in jail is often referred to as
the jail rate.
True
False
False
The two jurisdictions
that currently house the most jail inmates in America are LA County and New
York City.
True
False
False
__________________ refers to a type of jail confinement in which the
accused is locked up in order to protect the community from the potential
crimes the accused may commit if released before trial.
|
|
A.
|
Shock probation
|
|
|
B.
|
Preventive detention
|
|
|
C.
|
Controlled internment
|
|
|
D.
|
Defensive confinement
|
A "day
fine" is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an
offender earns in a day’s work.
True
False
False
In the United States,
probation is the most commonly imposed sanction.
True
False
False
The main goal of
community corrections legislation is to limit the dependence on prison.
True
False
False
The nation’s first
fulltime probation officer and creator of the actual term “probation” was John
Howard.
True
False
False
There are currently
three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout
the U.S.: active, passive, and reactive.
True
False
False
Under home
confinement, offenders can only carry out their sentence of incarceration in their
homes, no variations are possible.
True
False
False
Community service is compensation for an injury to society by
performance of service.
True
False
False
Judicial reprieve in the United States___________________.
|
|
A.
|
was used only for juvenile offenders
|
|
|
B.
|
was the source of widespread judicial corruption
|
|
|
C.
|
was never enacted and used
|
|
|
D.
|
was declared unconstitutional in 1916
|
One common problem
with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these
programs lead to a “widening of the net,” increasing the number of offenders
who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.
True
False
False
Originally, probation was mainly used for ______________ offenders.
|
|
A.
|
violent
|
|
|
B.
|
drug
|
|
|
C.
|
first-time
|
|
|
D.
|
sex
|
The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following
time periods?
|
|
A.
|
1920s through 1930s
|
|
|
B.
|
the 1980s through 1990s
|
|
|
C.
|
the 1940s through 1960s
|
|
|
D.
|
the 1970s through 1980s
|
When prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they
cannot______________.
|
|
A.
|
reduce crime
|
|
|
B.
|
save money
|
|
|
C.
|
deter crime
|
|
|
D.
|
lower recidivism rates
|
______________, a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation
officer in the U.S., dating back to 1841.
|
|
A.
|
Elam Lynds
|
|
|
B.
|
Jeremy Bentham
|
|
|
C.
|
John Augustus
|
|
|
D.
|
John Howard
|
In "Estelle v. Gamble", the Supreme Court found that all
inmates have a well-established right to medical treatment while incarcerated.
True
False
False
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding male and female
prison subcultures?
|
|
A.
|
Men rarely share form close personal relationships with prison staff,
but many women chose to get close to and share information with their
keepers.
|
|
|
B.
|
Men tend to segregate themselves by race; this is less true for women.
|
|
|
C.
|
Women’s prison populations
are divided in security levels for their safety; compared to men who serve
time in facilities where the population is mixed.
|
|
|
D.
|
Women are more responsive to prison programs than men.
|
Inmates who are
“gleaning” try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and
improve their prospects for success after release.
True
False
False
Some correctional administrators suggest that the increased occurrence
of sexual abuse cases found in female prisons is due in part to the large
number of ________.
|
|
A.
|
women housed in close quarters
|
|
|
B.
|
men guarding women
|
|
|
C.
|
previously abused women in prison
|
|
|
D.
|
lesbians found in prison
|
Women offenders have
received a tremendous amount of attention by research scholars since the early
19th century.
True
False
False
Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for
maximum-security prisons in the U.S.?
|
|
A.
|
radial
|
|
|
B.
|
telephone-pole
|
|
|
C.
|
courtyard style
|
|
|
D.
|
campus style
|
Which of the following prison designs has been traditionally used to
house both women and juvenile offenders?
|
|
A.
|
radial
|
|
|
B.
|
telephone-pole
|
|
|
C.
|
courtyard style
|
|
|
D.
|
campus style
|
A ______________ strategy calls for building new prisons to meet the demand
for prison space.
|
|
A.
|
treatment
|
|
|
B.
|
creation
|
|
|
C.
|
rehabilitation
|
|
|
D.
|
construction
|
A model of corrections that emphasizes security, discipline, and order
is referred to as the custodial model.
True
False
False
The "null" strategy refers to a plan of doing nothing in
regard to prison overcrowding, simply because it is assumed the problem is
temporary and will disappear in time.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the prominent
explanations as to why the U.S. incarceration rate has been increasing?
|
|
A.
|
prison construction
|
|
|
B.
|
supreme Court decisions
|
|
|
C.
|
the War on Drugs
|
|
|
D.
|
increased arrests and more likely incarceration
|
Perhaps more so than in the past, today’s prison designs are greatly
influenced by the cost of construction and maintenance.
True
False
False
2/3 of all federal pre-trial detainees are housed in state and local
correctional facilities on a contractual basis.
True
False
False
Nearly _____% of all state-level inmates are housed in maximum security
facilities.
|
|
A.
|
10
|
|
|
B.
|
20
|
|
|
C.
|
30
|
|
|
D.
|
40
|
What corporation dominates the private correctional industry in the
United States?
|
|
A.
|
Corrections Corporation of
America
|
|
|
B.
|
Wackenhut Private Security Inc.
|
|
|
C.
|
American Corrections Inc.
|
|
|
D.
|
Corrections USA Inc.
|
The image of the ________ was popularized in movies and television shows
and is still very much the portrayal of what most Americans believe prison to
be.
|
|
A.
|
“castle”
|
|
|
B.
|
“hole”
|
|
|
C.
|
“rock”
|
|
|
D.
|
“big house”
|
From 1930 to 1980, the
incarceration rate in the United States has grown exponentially.
True
False
False
When preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is
engaging in which major function of his/her job?
|
|
A.
|
supervision
|
|
|
B.
|
monitoring
|
|
|
C.
|
surveillance
|
|
|
D.
|
investigation
|
"Evidence-based" practices refer to the use of correctional
methods that have been shown to be effective through well-designed research
studies.
True
False
False
Methadone is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.
True
False
False
________________ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
|
|
A.
|
Group-oriented
|
|
|
B.
|
Non-technological based
|
|
|
C.
|
Specialization of
|
|
|
D.
|
Decreased reliance on
|
"Punitive" probation conditions are constraints imposed on
some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation,
including fines, community service, and restitution.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the five principle components of a
case management system?
|
|
A.
|
punitive assessment
|
|
|
B.
|
workload accounting
|
|
|
C.
|
systematic needs assessment
|
|
|
D.
|
case planning
|
PSI’s disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and
financial losses due to the offender’s action.
True
False
False
Probation officers can only investigate rule violations, not new crimes.
New crimes must be handled by local police departments.
True
False
False
The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy
of probation with a new emphasis on ______________.
|
|
A.
|
victim rights
|
|
|
B.
|
public safety
|
|
|
C.
|
recidivism rates
|
|
|
D.
|
restorative justice
|
Two techniques that are crucial to enhance the validity and reliability
of PSI reports are ___________ and _________.
|
|
A.
|
subjectivity; verification
|
|
|
B.
|
verification; objectivity
|
|
|
C.
|
caution; subjectivity
|
|
|
D.
|
objectivity caution
|
As a whole, adult probationers’ needs tend to be quite similar
regardless of their backgrounds.
True
False
False
A probation officer
faces role conflict in virtually every aspect of their job.
True
False
False
Probationers commonly resent their________ even when most people think
they should be grateful for "another chance."
|
|
A.
|
treatment
|
|
|
B.
|
status
|
|
|
C.
|
conviction
|
|
|
D.
|
arrest
|
The ability to influence a person’s actions in a desired direction
without resorting to force is known as "Authority."
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic prisoner program types
found in U.S. prisons?
|
|
A.
|
industrial
|
|
|
B.
|
retributive
|
|
|
C.
|
medical
|
|
|
D.
|
rehabilitative
|
Roughly half of all current federal inmates are incarcerated for various
types of property and white collar offenses.
True
False
False
